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Defined risk

A position whose worst case is a known, fixed number because a long option caps the exposure of a short one.

Every defined-risk structure owns a further-out option that puts a ceiling on losses: vertical-spreads, iron-condors, iron-butterflys and long-butterfly variants. The maximum loss is knowable before you enter and does not change with a gap.

The cost is the premium paid for that long wing, which lowers the credit and raises the required accuracy. What you buy is the ability to survive: no gap, no halt and no volmageddon can take more than the defined amount.

Example: short the XYZ $45 put for $1.30 alone risks $4,370 if XYZ goes to zero. Adding the $42.50 put for $0.55 reduces the credit to $0.75 but caps the loss at $175. You give up 42% of the credit to remove a 25-times-larger tail.

Related: undefined-risk, max-loss, vertical-spread, spread-width

See it drawn

Original diagrams for the ideas on this page. Illustrative, not real market data.

Bid-ask spread in an order bookSell orders stacked above buy orders with a gap between the best of each.SELLERS (asks)50.0690050.051,40050.0460050.011,10050.002,30049.99800spread = 0.03BUYERS (bids)
The bid-ask spread. Buy orders sit below, sell orders above, and the gap between the best bid (50.01) and best ask (50.04) is the spread you pay to cross. Bar length shows the size resting at each price.

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