Heavy volume with little price progress means one side is being absorbed: a lot of effort produced little result. Light volume with a large move means there is nothing in the way, which can be genuine strength or simply a thin market.
This is the most testable part of the Wyckoff framework and the ancestor of modern tools like cumulative-delta and footprint-chart, which measure the same idea with far better data by separating buying and selling at each price.
The limitation is that raw volume is ambiguous. Every transaction has a buyer and a seller, so volume alone never tells you who was aggressive. Delta-based tools do, which is why effort-versus-result reasoning is much stronger on order-flow charts than on a daily volume histogram.
Related: wyckoff-method, cumulative-delta, footprint-chart, volume-climax, volume