Trading gains and prop payouts carry no withholding, so the obligation falls on you. Due dates fall in April, June, September and January of the following year, and the periods they cover are uneven, which catches people out.
Penalties are computed period by period, so a large fourth-quarter profit does not retroactively require payments in earlier quarters if you use the annualised income method. That method is extra work but often saves money for traders with lumpy results.
Paying enough to reach a safe-harbor-estimated-tax threshold is the simplest way to avoid penalties, and state estimates are usually required separately.
This is general information for the United States, not tax advice. Rules change and depend on your circumstances; consult a qualified tax professional.
Related: safe-harbor-estimated-tax, self-employment-tax-prop-payouts, trader-tax-status, form-1099-nec, irs